История британии на английском языке для детей. Выдающиеся события в истории Великобритании; Оutstanding events in the history of Great Britain — Топик по английскому языку

Отдельной строкой и, соответственно, топиком стоит рассказать о прошлом страны. История Англии очень длинная, многообразная. Любовь и ненависть, злость и предательства, война и мир, смена династий, падение и восхождение - чего только там не было. Об о всем об этом лаконично, грамотно и кратко расскажет наша статья.

Если вы хотите понять душу Англии, то вам непременно стоит научиться описывать историю Великобритании на английском. Лично для вас — это расширение словарного запаса, кругозора. Помимо этого, вы будете понимать, как появилось название, монархия и не упадете в грязь при беседе на эту тему лицом даже с коренными жителями. Итак, как звучит история Англии на английском языке?

The history of Great Britain is long and very exciting. The Celts 1 crossed over from Europe to the British Isles centuries before the Roman invasion 2 .The Roman province in this area covered 3 most of the territory of present Wales and England. The Romans influenced 4 the way of living, language and culture greatly.

In the 5th centure the Angles and the Saxons (two Germanic tribes) 5 settled 6 in Britain and occupied a very vast 7 territory. They were pagans 8 . Christianity 9 came to Britain from Rome in 597. Angeles and Saxons conquered 10 against Celts during the 5th and 6th centuries A.D. These Germanic conquerors gave England its name — «Angle» land.

In the 11th century Normans invaded 11 Britain. This invasion had a great influence on the life of Britain. For example, a feudal system was imposed 12 — Lords, barons who were French-speaking Normans and the peasants 13 (the English-speaking Saxons). So the English class system was built. At this time Middle English as a language dominated in England.

During the 16th century the English monarch became very powerful. The Tudor dynasty (1485-1603) established 14 a system of government. Parliament was split 15 into two Houses and compeletely depended on the monarch. But during the 17th century it was established the supremacy 16 of the parliament over the monarchy in Britain. The conflict had happend and the Civil War 17 began. Parliament won the war, the king was executed 18 and Oliver Cromwell became the leader. But after his death this system of government was forgotten and the son of the king was returned to the throne.

In the 18th century the Industrial Revolution 19 started. Many of people who had lived in the rural areas 20 moved to towns. The population of London became about a million. In the next century Britain governed one of the biggest world’s Empire. It was made up 21 of Canada, Ireland, India, Australia and large parts of Africa. They had internal 22 self-government, but recognized the authority 23 of the British government. Britain had a great economic power. The English spread their culture around the world.

The 20th century was not stable. There were a lot of struggles for the rights: women, the working class. They became more powerful and stronger.

Of course, I have told you the main facts about the past of the country. There were a lot of interesting events in Briatan and you can read about them in special literature.

Vocabulary:

1. Celts — кельты
2. the Roman invasion — римское нашествие, завоевание
3. covered — покрывать/ занимать
4. influenced — влиять/ воздействовать
5. the Angles and the Saxons (two Germanic tribes) — Англы и Саксы (два племени)
6. settle — осесть
7. vast — обширный
8. pagans — язычники
9. Christianity — христианство
10. conquer- завоевывать
11. invade — вторглись/ напали/ захватили
12. impose — навязывать
13. peasants — крестьяне
14. establish — установить
15. to be split — быть расколотым
16. the supremacy — верховенство
17. Civil War — гражданская война
18. to be executed — быть казненным
19. the Industrial Revolution — индустриальная (промышленная) революция
20. rural areas — сельская местность
21. to be made up — состояла из
22. internal — внутренний
23. recognized the authority — признавать авторитет/ верховенство/ подчинялись власти

Представленная нами история Великобритании на английском будет вам хорошим началом в углублении знаний. Мы перечислили наиболее важные события, наиболее значимые, но вы на этом можете не останавливаться. Поверьте, там столько тайн, которые непременно вовлекут вас в чудесный мир прошлого.

England is the largest and the richest country of Great Britain. The capital of England is London but there are other large industrial cities, such as Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester and other famous and interesting cities such as York, Chester, Oxford and Cambridge. Stonehenge is one of the most famous prehistoric places in the world. This ancient circle of stones stands in Southwest England. It measures 80 metres across and made with massive blocks of stone up to four metres high. Why it was built is a mystery.

Not far from Stonehenge stands Salisbury Cathedral. It is a splendid example of an English Gothic Cathedral; inside there is one of four copies of Magna Charta and the oldest clock in England. Chester is very important town in the north-west of England. In the past it used to be a Roman fort; its name comes from the Latin word castra, meaning "fortified camp". In Chester there is a famous museum which contains over 5000 ancient and modern toys.

Oxford is the home of the oldest university of England. The most famous college is Christ Church. It has a great hall which was built during the reign of Henry VIII and its chapel has become the Cathedral of Oxford. Cambridge is the home of Britain"s second oldest university. York was the capital of Northern England. It is one of the best preserved medieval cities of Europe. It was built by Romans, conquered by Anglo-Saxons and ruled by the Vikings. Birmingham is often called the "City of 1,500 trades" because of the great variety of its industries.

Перевод текста: England - Англия

Англия - самая большая и самая богатая страна Ве-ликобритании. Столица Англии - Лондон; но существуют и другие важные города, например Бирмингем, Ливерпуль и Манчестер и другие известные и интересные города, такие как Йорк, Честер, Оксфорд и Кембридж. Стоунхендж - одно из самых известных доисторических мест в мире. Это древний круг из камней, находящийся на юго-востоке Англии. Его диаметр равняется 30 метрам, и сделан он из массивных каменных блоков до четырех метров высотой. Почему он был построен - загадка.

Недалеко от Стоунхенджа стоит Солсберийский собор. Это прекрасный пример английского готического собора; внутри него хранится одна из четырех копий Великой Хартии и самые старые часы Англии. Честер - очень важный город на северо-западе Англии. В прошлом это был римский форт; название его происходит от латинского слова "castra", что означает "укрепленный лагерь". В Честере находится знаменитый музей, в котором собрано более 5 000 древних и современных игрушек.

Оксфорд - это родина самого старого университета Ан-глии. Самый известный колледж - Крайст Черч. В нем сохранился холл, построенный во время правления Генри-ха VIII, а его часовня стала Оксфордским собором. Кембридж - родина второго самого старого британского университета. Йорк был столицей Северной Англии. Сейчас это один из наиболее сохранившихся средневековых городов Европы. Он был построен римлянами, завоеван англосаксами и управлялся викингами. Бирмингем часто называют "городом 1500 ремесел" из-за большого количества отраслей промышленности.

Использованная литература:
1. 100 тем английского устного (Каверина В., Бойко В., Жидких Н.) 2002
2. Английский язык для школьников и поступающих в ВУЗы. Устный экзамен. Топики. Тексты для чтения. Экзаменационные вопросы. (Цветкова И. В., Клепальченко И.А., Мыльцева Н.А.)
3. English, 120 Topics. Английский язык, 120 разговорных тем. (Сергеев С.П.)

Standardization

The late medieval and early modern periods saw a fairly steady process of standardization in English south of the Scottish border. The written and spoken language of London continued to evolve and gradually began to have a greater influence in the country at large. For most of the Middle English period a dialect was simply what was spoken in a particular area, which would normally be more or less represented in writing - although where and from whom the writer had learnt how to write were also important. It was only when the broadly London standard began to dominate, especially through the new technology of printing, that the other regional varieties of the language began to be seen as different in kind. As the London standard became used more widely, especially in more formal contexts and particularly amongst the more elevated members of society, the other regional varieties came to be stigmatized , as lacking social prestige and indicating a lack of education. In the same period a series of changes also occurred in English pronunciation (though not uniformly in all dialects), which go under the collective name of the Great Vowel Shift . These were purely linguistic sound changes which occur in every language in every period of history. The changes in pronunciation weren’t the result of specific social or historical factors, but social and historical factors would have helped to spread the results of the changes. As a result the so-called pure vowel sounds which still characterize many continental languages were lost to English. The phonetic pairings of most long and short vowel sounds were also lost, which gave rise to many of the oddities of English pronunciation, and which now obscure the relationships between many English words and their foreign counterparts.

As any other country Britain has its own history, with periods of prosperity and decay. The first inhabitants of the island were Iberians, who probably form the basis of the present-day population in Western England, Wales, North and Western Scotland and Ireland. They came between 3000 and 2000 ВС. Soon a new race from east of Europe came. The ancient people who gradually merged together, left behind impressive monuments, connected with religious acts at Stonehenge and other places. Stonehenge also served as an ancient observatory.

Soon after 700 ВС Britain was invaded by the Celts, who came from Central Europe. Their language developed into the Celtic language of modern Wales. In AD 43 the Romans began an invasion. It resulted in the Roman occupation of Britain. The Romans built many military roads, walls, and towns according to their tradition.

In some parts of the country these roads to these days form the basis of road communication. The largest of the towns was called Londinium. It was on the river Thames, where London is today. It became the capital city.

In the 5th century Britain was subject to the attacks of the Germanic tribes of the Jutes, the Saxons and the Angles. Eventually the invaders settled down and formed a number of small kingdoms. The Anglo-Saxons and Jutes were close to each other in language and customs, and they gradually became one people. In the 7th - 9th centuries important changes took place among the members of the Anglo-Saxons communities. Land became private property of separate families. It was the beginning of feudal relations. The Danish invasions of the 9th and 10th centuries brought a new wave of the development of feudal relations in England.

At the beginning of the 9th century the Danes and Norsemen began to occupy the country. They ruled the country tor several decades till 1042. 24 years later the invasion by the Normans under William the Conqueror began. The social structure of the country was very similar to the rest of Europe. The Norman invaders brought their language with them too. They spoke a Norman dialect and it became the language of administration, the official language of the state. Latin was the language of the Church, law and learning. However, the common people continued to speak English.

The economic development of the country during the Middle Ages (11th - 15th centuries) illustrates the exploitation of the peasant by the feudal lords, as well as by the church. Trade developed throughout the country. By the 14th century most English towns were becoming free from feudal restrictions. Besides, the country had a strong Monarchy and a Parliament. The 15th century was a period of civil wars, Wars of the Roses (1455-85). In form it was a struggle between two mart powerful feudal families - the House of Lancaster which had the emblem of the red rose and the House of York with the emblem of the white rose. It weakened economically and independently old feudal families.

Wars of the Roses could not prevent the economic development of the country. In the 15th - 16th centuries the clothing industry was well developed. The cloth was exported. Cloth industry gave development to capitalistic relations It brought a new wave of cultural and scientific development. The English bourgeois revolution took place in a country where capitalism developed faster than in any other country of Europe. As a result of its development England 100 years later alter the revolution became the first industrial state in the world, a power, which had created the largest colonial empire. The triumph of capitalism in England gave a powerful impulse to the development of capitalism all over the world. The 18th century brought the Industrial Revolution. It caused social changes. English society was breaking up into two basic classes — the proletarians and the capitalists. The working-class began to defend their rights.

Britain’s relatively peaceful development ended in the year 1914. Britain entered Strikes and unemployment were the result of it. World War II was another difficult period in the history of Britain. The British people withstood heavy bombing with great courage. London itself was bombed for 76 nights continuously.

The History of Britain - История Великобритании

Two thousand years ago the Celts, who had been arriving from Europe, mixed with the peoples who were already in Britain Isles. The Roman province of Britannia covered most of the territory of present day England and Wales. The Romans imposed their own way of living, culture, and language. But inspite of their long occupation of Britain, there isn"t much they left behind. Even most of temples, roads and cities were later destroyed. But such place names
like Chester, Lancaster, Gloucester remind us of the Romans.
The Romans influenced mainly the towns. In the country (where most people lived) Celtic speech dominated. The farming methods remained there unchanged. We can"t speak about Roman"s occupation as a large-scale settlement.
Later (during the 5th century) two tribes (the Angles and the Saxons) settled in Britain. They settled on a very vast territory. Only in the west of the country King Arthur and his army halted the tribes. But in the 6th century the way of life of these tribes predominated in England. The Celtic Britons" culture and language survived in Southwest
Scotland, Wales and Cornwall.
If the Romans had great influence on towns, the Anglo-Saxons influenced the countryside. There new methods of farming were introduced and a number of villages were founded.
The Anglo-Saxons were pagans, when they arrived in Britain. Christianity came from Rome in 597.
In the 8th century Britain was invaded by the Vikings, who came from Scandinavia. They settled in the North and West of Scotland and in some regions of Ireland. Later they were defeated by King Alfred.
Normans invaded Britain in the 11th century (1066). But this invasion wasn"t a large-scale one. Still this invasion influenced the life of Britain greatly.
At that time a feudal system was imposed. Lords and barons were French-speaking Normans. The peasants were the English-speaking Saxons.
Barons were responsible to the king, lords - to a baron. Under them were peasants. That was the beginning of the English class system. The Anglo-Norman kingdom was the most powerful political force at that time. In this period the Germanic language (Middle English) dominated in England. As Northern and Central Wales was never settled by Saxons and Normans, the Welsh language and culture dominated there.
In the 13th century Parliament included elected representatives from urban and rural areas.
During the 16th century the power of the English monarch increased. The Tudor dynasty (1485-1603) established a system of government which strongly depended on the monarch. Parliament was split into two Houses. The House of Lords consisted of the aristocracy and the leaders of the Church. The House of Commons consisted
of representatives from the towns.
During the 17th century Parliament established its supremacy over the monarchy in Britain. The conflict between the monarchy and Parliament led to the Civil Wars, which ended with the victory of Parliament. The leader of the parliamentary army was Oliver Cromwell. But after his death his system of government became unpopular. The son of the executed king was asked to take the throne.
In the 18th century the Scottish Parliament joined with the English and the Welsh Parliaments.
In that century the increased trade led to the Industrial Revolution. People from rural areas moved to towns. The population of London was close to a million at that time.
In the 19th century Britain controlled the biggest Empire in the world. The Empire was made up of Ireland, Canada, Australia, India and large parts of Africa. These countries had internal self-government, but recognized the authority of the British government. Britain was the greatest economic power. The British spread their culture and
civilization around the world.
The beginning of the 20th century can"t be called stable. Women struggled for their rights. The situation in Ulster wasn"t stable. At the beginning of this century the working class became stronger. In Parliament, the Labour party replaced the Liberals. Trade unions organized themselves. Until 1980s the Trades Union Congress was the most powerful political force outside the institutions of government.

Упражнения

I. Answer the questions.
1. What reminds people of the Romans?
2. How did the Anglo-Saxons effect the countryside?
3. Who invaded Britain in the 8th century?
4. When was a feudal system imposed?
5. When was Parliament split into two Houses?
6. Who was the leader of the parliamentary army in the Civil Wars?
7. In what century was the Britain the greatest economic power?

II. Explain the meaning of the following words and expressions.
1. a large-scale settlement
2. to halt the tribes
3. pagan
4. to be responsible to the king
5. internal self-government

III. Fill in the gaps.*
1. The Roman province of Britannia covered the territory of present-day . . . and . . . .
2. During the 5th century the tribes of . . . settled in Britain.
3. In the . . . century Britain was invaded by the Vikings.
4. Lords were responsible to . . . .
5. The . . . dynasty established a system of government, which depended on the . . . .
6. The conflict between the monarchy and Parliament led to . . . .
7. In the . . . century the increased trade led to . . . .
8. The beginning of the 20th century can"t be called . . . .
9. The British empire was made up of . . . .
10. The . . . party replaced the Liberals.